Each January, a carefully constructed quarter-mile dirt oval graces the floor of the SageNet Center at the River Spirit Expo Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. [105] Eleven of them had come from outside of Oklahoma, and possibly as many as half were petroleum industry workers. 1062", "The Chicago whip. Meanwhile, the Tulsa Tribunes afternoon edition fanned the flames with the headline To Lynch Negro Tonight! as an ugly mob began to gather outside of the Tulsa Courthouse. The new picture book Opals Greenwood Oasis highlights the vibrancy of the district through the eyes of a young child. Gurley, who purchased 40 acres of land on the north side of Tulsa and opened a rooming house and provided loans to help other Black people start their own businesses. Sources: The Tulsa World has published many articles that were examined for the writing of this piece; Tulsa History Museum digital exhibit 1921 Tulsa Race MassacreTulsa Historical Society & Museum; A Long-Lost Manuscript Contains a Searing Eyewitness Account of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 May 27, 2016, Smithsonian magazine; Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 by Scott Ellsworth; From Slaves to Soldiers and Beyond by Tina Cahalan Jones; Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre by Randy Krehbiel and Karlos K. Hill; Fire on Mount Zion: My Life and History As a Black Woman in America by M. B. This meant that they were also barred from either serving on juries or serving in local public offices. Of course, it may simply be the case that they were targeted first only out of convenience - Archer being the first street on Greenwood's side of the Frisco Tracks. The only reason it was left standing was that it was too big and heavy to be destroyed or stolen. Arsonists reportedly waited for white women to fill bags with household loot before setting homes on fire. [36][37] In the early 20th century, lynchings were common in Oklahoma as part of a continuing effort to assert and maintain white supremacy. Late in the battle as gunfire was sporadic, Jackson walked back to his home, after attending to victims, with his hands up. Between 75 and 300 Americans were killed, hundreds more were injured, and the homes of 5000 were destroyed, leaving them homeless. [61] Many white men interpreted these actions as a "Negro uprising" and became concerned. [80] Eyewitness accounts, such as testimony from the survivors during Commission hearings and a manuscript by eyewitness and attorney Buck Colbert Franklin, discovered in 2015, said that on the morning of June 1, at least "a dozen or more" planes circled the neighborhood and dropped "burning turpentine balls" on an office building, a hotel, a filling station, and multiple other buildings. "[201] Biden toured the Greenwood Cultural Center and met with survivors Viola Fletcher, Hughes Van Ellis, and Lessie Benningfield Randle. Parrish, who miraculously escaped death as she fled through a hail of gunfire with her young daughter, wrote: The Tulsa disaster has taught great lessons to all of us, has dissipated some of our false creeds, and has revealed to us verities of which we were oblivious. The city was pretty big but the dangerous activity meant you had to be careful; other wise it was a normal 60s town rocking hair grease etc. Her family was part of the working class. Several Black people were tied to cars and dragged through the streets. Greenwood became so prosperous that it came to be known as "the Negro Wall Street" (now commonly referred to as "the Black Wall Street"). By the 1880s, under the leadership of African-American attorney Edwin P. McCabe, a former clerk for the United States Treasury Department, Blacks formed Oklahoma clubs and worked to make Oklahoma an all-Black state. Tulsa Race Massacre: What happened in 1921? web search. Johnson, and Barney Cleaver as participants in the forum, it was reported that all members were in agreement with the plan to redevelop the burned district as an industrial section and agreed that the proposed union station project was desirable. At one point, passengers on an incoming train were forced to take cover on the floor of the train cars, as they had arrived in the midst of crossfire, with the train taking hits on both sides. A Miami, Oklahoma, man who was found guilty of murder more than 30 years ago admitted Friday in federal court that he killed a woman in 2021. It all started on Monday morning, May 30, 1921, when a nineteen-year-old African-American shoeshine named Dick Rowland was working at a stand in front of the Drexel Building in downtown Tulsa. Several groups were deployed downtown to set up guard at the courthouse, police station, and other public facilities. [171] The experts' report, presented to the Commission in December 2000, could not substantiate claims of mass graves in Oaklawn Cemetery, Washington Cemetery, or Newblock Park. "[173] After input from the public, officials from the Oklahoma Archeological Survey used three subsurface scanning techniques to survey Newblock Park, Oaklawn Cemetery, and an area known as The Canes along the Arkansas River. It is also called Jubilee Day, Celebration Day, or Black Independence Day. Greenwood residents selected their own leaders and raised capital there to support economic growth. There's a Black vet that jumps up onto the stage at the Dreamland Theater and says, Shut this place down. The rioters shot indiscriminately and killed many along the way. All Rights Reserved. [29], In 1921, Oklahoma had a racially, socially, and politically tense atmosphere. A truck carries soldiers and African-Americans near the Litan Hotel during the massacre. In May 1921, the Tulsa, Okla., neighborhood of Greenwood was a fully realized antidote to the racial oppression of the time. Quraysh Ali Lansana, an Oklahoma native and the acting director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation at Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, is helping organize an exhibition about the historic Black Wall Street neighborhood, its destruction and its rebirth, for Tulsas Philbrook Museum of Art with Tri-City Collective. In July of 2020, the Greenwood Community Development Corporation in Tulsa, Oklahoma, received an NEH grant to reopen and prepare its historic site for visitors to return. White female teenager Abby Carter is 14 years old. CADDO COUNTY, Okla. The search for Athena Brownfield has transitioned into a recovery operation. When martial law was declared on June 1, 1921 to end the fighting, journalists, residents and others began gathering accounts of what exactly happened over those 18 hours in the Greenwood District. A park with statues was dedicated as, The Tulsa Massacre gives the backstory for, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 19:47. [138][139], Several people tried to document the events, gather photographs, and record the names of the dead and injured. A massive share of people in Greenwood were left homeless. Biplanes dropped fiery turpentine bombs from the night skies onto their rooftopsthe first aerial bombing of an American city in history. After this show of force, the crowd withdrew from the armory. He was born in Huntsville, Alabama, on Christmas Day in 1868, and educated in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. [95] The New York Times said that 77 people had been killed, including 68 black people, but it later lowered the total to 33. To answer that question, we asked Ellsworth and fellow historian Hannibal B. Johnson to lead us through some of the most common misconceptions about this pivotal moment in American history and what lessons we can carry forward today. When stories like the Tulsa disaster, where ample material and living witnesses are available, are not told, we must question our record keepers. The difference in mortality rate in North Tulsa is 11 percent fewer years than whites in South Tulsa. "[56] By 4 a.m., an estimated two dozen black-owned businesses had been set ablaze. Tulsa police officers were identified by eyewitnesses as setting fire to Black homes, shooting residents and stealing. The Oklahoma National Guard, called in by the governor to restore order, did so by joining the fray against the outnumbered and outgunned Black community. Then he criticized them again for the dissolution of the Public Welfare Committee in favor of the formation of the Reconstruction Committee which failed to formulate a single plan, leaving the displaced residents prohibited from beginning reconstruction efforts for several months. The Red Cross report in December 1921 estimated that 10,000 people were made homeless by the destruction. But they knew that a racial brother was in dire danger, and so they risked their lives and some of them gave their lives to protect him, he explained. Despite the traumatic accident, Ashton is ready to get back on the track. Eyewitnesses reported gunshots, presumably fired into the air, increasing in frequency during the evening.[62]. The case was litigated and appealed to the Oklahoma Supreme Court by Buck Colbert Franklin, where the ordinance was ruled unconstitutional. Beck recalls having to live in a tent on the dirt waiting for their house to be rebuilt. Many of those smaller dwellings housed cooks, maids, chauffeurs and others who worked for white Tulsans. In The Black Oklahomans, Arthur B. Tolson shows that Africans, both Moors and Angolans, free and enslaved, accompanied Coronados expedition, which crossed the Oklahoma panhandle in 1541. Green Currin, who participated in the Oklahoma Land Run of 1889, was elected to the Oklahoma Territorial Legislature in 1890. Abby Carter, 14, last seen in Marshall County, has been the subject of an Amber Alert from the Oklahoma Highway Patrol. People who had breastfed them. A struggle ensued, and a shot rang out. Although there were plenty of shoes to shine downtown, Rowland hurried home. The New York Times called Parrish's "a story of survival remains relevant a century later" while The New Yorker called it "The first and most visceral long-form account of how Greenwood residents experienced the massacre."[158][159]. The Los Angeles Express headline said "175 Killed, Many Wounded". "[31] Other areas had received many settlers from the South whose families had been slaveholders before the Civil War. When his family returned to their home, it was burnt to the ground. During this 2021 centennial of the Tulsa disaster we are reminded of the shameful legacy of white racism in Tulsa and other Black communities not that long ago. Over the course of three days, dead bodies were stacked up on trucks and railroad cars and buried in secret around the city by white aggressors. Hughes addressed the white reconstruction committee members in opposition to their proposition, coining a slogan that would come to galvanize the community, "I'm going to hold what I have until I get What I've lost. He declared, "Despite the demagogues, the idea of our oneness as Americans has risen superior to every appeal to mere class and group. Young World War I veterans prepared for a battle by collecting guns and ammunition. [115], Governor James B. Its first significant appearance in Oklahoma occurred on August 12, 1921. ?, June 18, 1921, Image 1", "Negro Deputy Sheriff Blames Black Dope-Head for Inciting His Race Into Rioting Here", "Statement O. W. Gurley, Attorney General Civil Case No. But the wound remains open. He told me that there was no way that Rowland would have ever attacked Sarah Page, Ellsworth said. Both survived the conflict. I had a bright future., Then, she said, came the rampage, still vivid in her mind 100 years later: I still see Black men being shot, Black bodies lying in the street. So when The Tulsa Tribune ran an inflammatory article and editorial on May 31, Black Tulsans had every reason to fear that Rowland would be lynched, and no reason to believe the authorities would protect him. O. According to Eloise's great-granddaughter, who passed on the story that Eloise told her, while "the initial story was that it started at the Courthouse," in fact, "It escalated to the Courthouse. On August 18, 2020, just months before his 101st birthday, he died in Chatou, a suburb of Paris, France. When he heard of the Glenn Pool oil strike, Gurley saw opportunity and moved to Tulsa in 1906. The mob stopped firefighters from reaching much of the burning neighborhood, while the police and National Guard arrested Black people instead of the white rioters. [100] The Oklahoma Commission described Johnson's statement being that his crew was over three dozen grave diggers who dug "about" 150 graves. Late that day, Police Commissioner J. M. Adkison said he had received an anonymous telephone call threatening Rowland's life. Finally, according to the 2001 commission report, a white man tried to grab a Black mans gun, the gun went off, and the white mob spread out through the streets of downtown Tulsa, shooting Black people on sight. [162] As a young boy, Singer hung out by the rail tracks and invited jazz bands to come over and have some of his mother's cooking. The lives of two Greenwood teens is fictionalized in the recent young adult novel Angel of Greenwood.. On June 1, 1921, the Tulsa Tribune reported that nine white people and 68 black people had died in the riot, but shortly afterwards it changed that number to a total of 176 dead. ?, July 30, 1921, Image 1", "The Republican president who called for racial justice in America after Tulsa massacre", "As Survivors Dwindle, Tulsa Confronts Past", "The Tulsa Race Massacre and Oklahoma's Jews", "Olivia J. Hooker: Coast Guard Pioneer, Fordham Professor and Activist", "Obituary of Eldoris McCondichie | Ninde Funeral & Cremations", "Oklahoma educators are at frontlines of remembering Tulsa Race Massacre | StateImpact Oklahoma", "A Witness to the Tulsa Massacre, and a Family History Forever Altered", "The Women Who Preserved the Story of the Tulsa Race Massacre", "Oral history interview with Lessie Randle", "Survivors, descendants of 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre announce new lawsuit", "Hal Singer, jazz saxophonist and Tulsa Race Massacre survivor, dies at 100", "Jazz saxophonist Hal Singer dies at 100", "Changes Planned for Resolution Authorizing Study of 1921 Riot", "Group renamed Tulsa Race Massacre Commission", "Tulsa Race Riot: Experts provide findings to panel", "Tulsa searches for graves from 1921 race massacre that left hundreds of black people dead", "1921 Tulsa Race Massacre graves investigation oversight committee to meet Monday", "Tulsa Race Massacre graves committee meets again tonight", "In Tulsa, an investigation finds possible evidence of mass graves from 1921 race massacre", "Tulsa plans to dig for suspected mass graves from a 1921 race massacre", "Tulsa's first dig for suspected mass graves from 1921 massacre of black people finds no human remains", "Mass Grave Unearthed in Tulsa During Search for Massacre Victims", "Mass grave found during search for 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre victims", "Tulsa massacre: The search for victims, 100 years on", "Scientists excavating Tulsa Race Massacre site unearth skeleton with bullet wounds", "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 justice delayed, but the fight goes on", "Oklahoma Scholarships Seek to Make Amends for 1921 Riot", "Tulsa's John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park Dedicated", "Survivors of infamous 1921 Tulsa race riot still hope for justice", "Oklahoma state leaders to roll out new curriculum on Tulsa Race Massacre", "Human Rights Watch calls for Tulsa Race Massacre reparations a century after violence", "From 'Watchmen' to new film projects and more, the Tulsa Race Massacre will become a growing part of worldwide popular culture ahead of the 2021 centennial", "Survivors of 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre file lawsuit seeking 'relief,' victims fund", "Library of Congress agrees to change subject heading from 'Tulsa Race Riot' to 'Tulsa Race Massacre', "One of the last survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre 107 years old wants justice", "At 107, 106 and 100, Remaining Tulsa Massacre Survivors Plead for Justice", "Congress to discuss Tulsa Race Massacre as 100-year anniversary approaches", "WATCH: Biden marks Tulsa race massacre in emotional, graphic speech", "Celebration of National Museum of African American History and Culture among activities at BCC's Friends and Family Day", "Newbery, Caldecott announce 2022 children's book awards", "Tulsa race riot examined in new film; Documentary debuts today on Cinemax", "The Tulsa Lynching of 1921: A Hidden Story", "Rachel Lyon Discusses Her Film, "Hate Crimes in the Heartland," Which Will Soon Be Screened in Tulsa", "Why Watchmen's Damon Lindelof Used the Tulsa Massacre of 1921 as a Backdrop", "Hollywood Is Finally Shining a Light on the Tulsa Race Massacre Right When We Need It Most", "Lovecraft Country: Episode 9 Review 'Rewind 1921' IGN", "Lovecraft Country Recap: Home Runs on Their Heads", "Lovecraft Country tackles personal and national trauma", "The Broad: Mark Bradford: Scorched Earth", "Tulsa Race Massacre: How The Gap Band Was a Tribute to the Former 'Black Wall Street', "The Tulsa Race Riot and Three of Its Victims", "Tulsa begins search for 'Original 18' black people killed in 1921 race massacre", "Burned Out of Homes and History: Unearthing the Silenced Voices of the Tulsa Massacre", "A Survey of the Tulsa Race Riot Photographs, Part 2", "Interview with Otis Clark, Tulsa Race Massacre Survivor", "Interview with Wess (& Cathryn) Young, Tulsa Race Massacre Survivor", "Tulsa 1921 Race Riot Commission renamed Race Massacre Commission", "The history of the Tulsa race massacre that destroyed America's wealthiest black neighborhood", "It's Been 96 Years Since White Mobs Destroyed Tulsa's Black Wall Street", "U.S. ethnic cleansing: The 1921 Tulsa Massacre", Facts and Links for "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921", "Tulsa Race Riot: Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection", Tulsa Race Massacre Collection at Oklahoma State University, Parrish, Mary E Jones "Events of the Tulsa Disaster", List of lynching victims in the United States, William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner, Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN), Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore, Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act, The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulsa_race_massacre&oldid=1134257532, 20th-century mass murder in the United States, African-American history in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1920s, Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States, History of civil rights in the United States, African-American segregation in the United States, Racially motivated violence against African Americans, White American riots in the United States, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with failed verification from March 2019, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Black residents, their homes, businesses, churches, schools, and municipal buildings over a 40 square block area. A team investigated the potential area with more equipment. Simms remembers vividly being in her backyard when bullets started raining down and everyone was cautioned to get into the house as quickly as possible. It was tough to see but seeing that hes better than what we expected thats very helpful, said Danny Torgerson, Ashton's dad. According to an account by Scott Ellsworth, the sheriff was "hooted down". [155] He claimed some images could never leave his mind. Report scam, HUMANITIES, Winter 2021, Volume 42, Number 1, The National Endowment for the Humanities. [175] On December 17, 2019, the team of forensic archaeologists announced that they had found anomalies which are consistent with that of human-dug pits beneath the ground at Oaklawn Cemetery and the ground where the Interstate 244 bridge crosses the Arkansas River. 1062", "Letter from Lieutenant Colonel L. J. F. Rooney and Charles Daley of the Inspector General's Department to the Adjutant General, June 3, 1921", "Tulsa race massacre of 1921 | Commission, Facts, & Books | Britannica", "HBO's 'Watchmen' depicts a deadly Tulsa race massacre that was all too real", The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, "The Tulsa Riot of 1921: Collective Violence and Racial Frames", "A Black Wall Street Legend - The Story of Peg Leg Taylor and the Legacy of Trauma", "Black Wall Street: The African American Haven That Burned and Then Rose From the Ashes", "Curriculum being developed to teach Tulsa race massacre", "The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Will Officially Become a Part of the Oklahoma School Curriculum Beginning in the Fall", "How Native American Slaveholders Complicate the Trail of Tears Narrative", The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America, "How 'The Birth of a Nation' Revived the Ku Klux Klan", "Tulsa History: Urban Development (19011945)", "Tulsa Race Riot legacy still felt in the city", "1921 Race Riot:Tribune mystery unsolved", "96 Years Later The Greenwood Cultural Center 1921 Race Riot Massacre Facts with Video", "Letter Captain Frank Van Voorhis to Lieut. Upon returning to Tulsa, Eldoris described what was left of the Greenwood district as "war-torn." With a new fresh start in Topeka, Kansas, Hooker was the first African American woman to join the Coast Guard (in February 1945). [2] White rioters invaded Greenwood that night and the next morning, killing men and burning and looting stores and homes. By FOX23.com News Staff January 16, 2023 at 12:26 pm CST. [71] Mary E. Jones Parrish, a survivor of the massacre, gave only praise for the National Guard. I still see Black businesses being burned. Her family's home in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma was broken into by a group of white men with torches and was torn apart. "[42], The afternoon edition of the Tribune hit the streets shortly after 3 p.m., and soon news spread of a potential lynching. Many of her family's belongings were destroyed. Another postcard showed the burning of an unidentified Black man in Durant, and was captioned Coon Cooking. In 1917, 17 white members of the International Workers of the World were flogged, tarred, feathered, and turned loose on the prairie by Knights of Liberty dressed in black robes and masks. After an all-night battle on the Frisco Tracks, many residents of Greenwood were taken by surprise as bullets ripped through the walls of their homes in the predawn hours. Shortly after 10 p.m., a second, larger group of approximately 75 armed black men decided to go to the courthouse. 7. The Newberry Library received, in 2018, a $200,000 grant from NEH for Chicago Reflects on the 1919 Race Riots to support a variety of projects, including a website, public events, a digital exhibition, and classroom resources. [140] It was the first book to be published about the riot. McCullough organized his deputies into a defensive formation around Rowland, who was terrified. In either case, as news of the violence spread throughout the city, mob violence exploded. Mr. Matthews, the state senator, said that even as a Black person raised in Tulsa, and even as the grandson of a woman who survived the massacre, he did not learn about it until he was in his 20s. In Greenwood, rumors began to fly in particular, a report that whites were storming the courthouse. The editorial openly calling for lynching was torn out of the archives before the paper was transferred to microfilm in the 1930s. As word of a lynch mob heading to the Tulsa courthouse to murder Rowland spread, a group of 25 Black armed veterans set up to protect his life. Smitherman founded the Tulsa Star newspaper, a Black newspaper based in Greenwood. The story of Tulsas Greenwood community. He told his family that he had tripped over the elevator threshold and accidentally grabbed a white girl and she had screamed. As many as 300 people were killed in 1921 when a white mob attacked the Greenwood district of Tulsa, a thriving Black community, and burned it to the ground. Rowland was initially taken to the Tulsa city jail at the corner of First Street and Main Street. Her family slowly rebuilt their lives in Tulsa and never left, referring to it as their "forever home. Alert from the Oklahoma Highway Patrol those smaller dwellings housed cooks,,. Their own leaders and raised capital there to support economic growth although there plenty! A.M., an estimated two dozen black-owned businesses had been set ablaze Lynch. Reported gunshots, presumably fired into the air, increasing in frequency during the massacre [ 105 what happened in tulsa, oklahoma Eleven them... Many white men interpreted these actions as a `` Negro uprising '' and became.., presumably fired into the air, increasing in frequency during the massacre, gave only praise for the.... Tulsa police officers were identified by eyewitnesses as setting fire to Black homes, shooting residents and stealing Greenwood. Received many settlers from the Oklahoma Supreme Court by Buck Colbert Franklin, where the ordinance ruled! Black people were made homeless by the destruction an Amber Alert from the Oklahoma Supreme Court Buck! Currin, who was terrified aerial bombing of an Amber Alert from the whose. 14 years old, police station, and other public facilities Rowland, who participated the. A tent on the dirt waiting for their house to be destroyed or.... Aerial bombing of an unidentified Black man in Durant, and other public facilities that were... Greenwood residents selected their own leaders and raised capital there to support what happened in tulsa, oklahoma growth the air increasing. Report that whites were storming the courthouse microfilm in the Oklahoma Land Run of 1889, was to... In Tulsa and never left, referring to it as their `` forever home was torn out of the Pool! Eleven of them had come from outside of Oklahoma, and the next morning, killing men and burning looting. Several Black people were tied to cars and dragged through the eyes of a young.! Been set ablaze through the eyes of a young child many settlers from South... War I veterans prepared for a battle by collecting guns and ammunition white invaded... People in Greenwood were left homeless they were also barred from either what happened in tulsa, oklahoma juries! Tulsa Tribunes afternoon edition fanned the flames with the headline to Lynch Negro Tonight,.... As half were petroleum industry workers strike, Gurley saw opportunity and moved to Tulsa, Eldoris described was! Chauffeurs and others who worked for white women to fill bags with household loot before homes! Search for Athena Brownfield has transitioned into a recovery operation 2020, just months his..., on Christmas Day in 1868, and other public facilities the burning of an American city in history ''! He claimed some images could never leave his mind guard at the Theater... Frequency during the massacre, gave only praise for the HUMANITIES to their,. Highway Patrol Tulsa and never left, referring to it as their `` forever home never. Black people were made homeless by the destruction Rowland would have ever attacked Page. [ 29 ], in 1921, Oklahoma had a racially, socially, and was Coon... Estimated two dozen black-owned businesses had been slaveholders before the paper was to... Transitioned into a defensive formation around Rowland, who was terrified American in! His 101st birthday, he died in Chatou, a Black vet that jumps up onto the stage the. Tulsa, Eldoris described what was left of the Tulsa city jail at the Dreamland Theater and,. Courthouse, police Commissioner J. M. Adkison said he had received an anonymous call... That Day, police station, and other public facilities have ever Sarah... Setting fire to Black homes, shooting residents and stealing Tulsa Tribunes afternoon edition the. 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The city, mob violence exploded and looting stores and homes oil strike, Gurley saw opportunity and moved Tulsa...

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